The Role of Teacher Trade Unions in Preventing Staff Victimisation: Voices from the South African Teachers
Issue: Vol.5 No.1 Article 3 pp.26 – 37
DOI: https://doi.org/10.38159/ehass.2024513 | Published online 23rd January, 2024
© 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CCBY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Teacher Trade Unions remain an integral part of stakeholders within the basic education sector and the school organogram. However, research pertaining to the role that can be played by Teacher Unions in preventing staff victimisation remains restricted globally, and with no enquiry arising within the South African milieu. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of teachers regarding the role of Teacher Trade Unions in preventing staff victimisation, in the District 10 schools of the Province of Gauteng. The researchers used a qualitative approach, grounded in phenomenology as the research design. The sample consisted of five teachers who belong to various unions and data was collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The data collected was analysed using thematic content analysis. The study revealed that teacher unions were found to be the main perpetrators of staff victimisation particularly when it comes to promotional positions. The study concluded that for teacher unions to protect teachers’ rights, they should not be aligned with political parties. The study recommended that teacher unions should instead conduct training and workshops on pro-social behaviour, peaceful conflict resolution and how teachers are supposed to protect themselves from retribution and threats. The study aims to advance scholarship on the role of teacher unions in creating safer working conditions for teachers.
Keywords: Teacher Unions, Socio-Ecological, Violence, Victimisation.
Adu, E.O., and C.I.O. Okeke. Fundamentals of Research in Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Sciences Education. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers, 2022.
Astor, Ron Avi, Ronald O Pitner, and Brent B Duncan. “Ecological Approaches to Mental Health Consultation with Teachers on Issues Related to Youth and School Violence.” Journal of Negro Education, 1996, 336–55.
Baillien, Elfi, Inge Neyens, Hans De Witte, and Nele De Cuyper. “A Qualitative Study on the Development of Workplace Bullying: Towards a Three Way Model.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 19, no. 1 (2009): 1–16.
Bascia, Nina. “Teacher Unions and Educational Reform.” In International Handbook of Educational Change, edited by A Hargreaves, A Liberman, M Fullan, and D Hopkins, Part Two:895–915. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers., 1998.
Binduko, Samuel. “The Role of the Principal in Maintaining a Harmonious Working Environment: An Investigation into” Legal” Staff Bullying by the School Management Team in Ekurhuleni North District High Schools .” University of South Africa, 2013.
Bless, Claire, Craig Higson-Smith, and Ashraf Kagee. Fundamentals of Social Research Methods: An African Perspective. Juta and Company Ltd, 2006.
Bronfenbrenner, U. “Ecological Systems Theory.” In Annals of Child Development: Six Theories of Child Development: Revised Formulations and Current Issues, edited by Ross Vasta, 6:187-249. Greenwich: JAI Press, 1989.
Bronfenbrenner, Urie. The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard university press, 1979.
Chen, Grace. “ Are Teacher Unions a Help or Hinderance to Public Education?” https://www.publicschoolreview.com/blog/are-teacher-unions-a-help-or-hindrance-to-public-education, 2022.
Coetzee, A. “Workplace Violence against Educators in Public and Private Schools in Pretoria, Gauteng: A Comparative Investigation.” University of Pretoria, 2017.
Creswell, J W, and J D Creswell. “Research Design Qualitative, and Mix Methods Approaches.” SAGE Publication, Inc. Los Angeles, 2018.
Delgado, P. “The Role of Teachers’ Unions. Observatory of Educational Innovation.” https://observatory.tec.mxledu-news/the-role-of-teachers-unions, 2021.
Destiny Connect. “Teachers Hit by Workplace Bullying.” http://destinyconnect.com/2015/09/sa-teachers-hit-hard-by-workplace, 2015.
Espelage, Dorothy, Eric M Anderman, Veda Evanell Brown, Abraham Jones, Kathleen Lynne Lane, Susan D McMahon, Linda A Reddy, and Cecil R Reynolds. “Understanding and Preventing Violence Directed against Teachers: Recommendations for a National Research, Practice, and Policy Agenda.” American Psychologist 68, no. 2 (2013): 75.
Espelage, Dorothy L, and Susan M Swearer. Bullying in American Schools: A Social-Ecological Perspective on Prevention and Intervention. routledge, 2004.
Fahie, Declan, and Dympna Devine. “The Impact of Workplace Bullying on Primary School Teachers and Principals.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 58, no. 2 (2014): 235–52.
Gina, Mshiyeni Jethro. “Safety and Security in Schools: The Case of KwaZulu-Natal Province.,” 2013.
Gindin, Julián, and Leslie Finger. “Promoting Education Quality: The Role of Teachers’ Unions in Latin America,” 2013.
Härkönen, U. “The Impact of Theories on the Early Childhood Education Culture—The Impact of the New Systems Theory on the Early Childhood Education Culture.” International Views on Early Childhood Education. Ebook. University of Joensuu. Savonlinna Department of Teacher Education, 2007.
Hennink, Monique, and Bonnie N. Kaiser. “Sample Sizes for Saturation in Qualitative Research: A Systematic Review of Empirical Tests.” Social Science & Medicine 292 (January 2022): 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523.
Hornstein, H A, J L Michela, A M Van Eron, L W Cohen, W L Heckelman, M Sachse-Skidd, and J L Spencer. “Disrespectful Supervisory Behavior: Effects on Some Aspects of Subordinates’ Mental Health.” Unpublished Manuscript, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1995.
Kennedy-Macfoy, M., and R. Fyles. “When Teachers’ Unions Take Actions, Schools Become Safer for Everyone. Advancing Gender Equality in and through Education. UN Girls Education Initiative. .” https://medium.com/ungei-blog/when-teachers-unions-take-actions-schools-become-safer-for-everyone-69ac85cf, 2020.
Kleinheksel, Cynthia J, and Richard T Geisel. “An Examination of Adult Bullying in the K-12 Workplace: Implications for School Leaders.” School Leadership Review 14, no. 1 (2019): 7.
Krug, Etienne G, James A Mercy, Linda L Dahlberg, and Anthony B Zwi. “The World Report on Violence and Health.” The Lancet 360, no. 9339 (2002): 1083–88.
Kudumo, Marius. “The Participation and Influence of Teacher Unions on Education Reforms in an Independent Namibia.” University of Pretoria, 2011.
Mafisa, Lekhotla James. “The Role of Teacher Unions in Education with Specific Reference to South Africa.” Gender and Behaviour 15, no. 4 (2017): 10553–66.
Mahome, Michael Moreti. “Perpetrators of Staff Victimisation within the Teaching Ranks: A Socio-Ecological Perspective.” Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology 34, no. 2 (2021): 1–25.
Mahome, Michael Moreti, and Sakhe Harry Rampa. “The Prevalence of Learner-on-Teacher School-Based Violence: A Qualitative Study.” Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology 32, no. 2 (2019): 91–104.
Malahy, Sandra. Workplace Bullying: Teacher-to-Teacher. Western Illinois University, 2015.
Manamela, Makwena Ernest. “The Social Responsibility of South African Trade Unions: A Labour Law Perspective.” University of South Africa, 2015.
Masenya, Selaki James. “ School-Based Unionism in a Gauteng School District.” University of Pretoria, 2013.
Maxwell, Aimee, and Philip Riley. “Emotional Demands, Emotional Labour and Occupational Outcomes in School Principals: Modelling the Relationships.” Educational Management Administration & Leadership 45, no. 3 (2017): 484–502.
McMahon, Susan D, Samantha Reaves, Elizabeth A McConnell, Eric Peist, Linda Ruiz, A P A Task Force on Classroom Violence Directed Against Teachers, Dorothy Espelage, Linda A Reddy, Eric M Anderman, and Kathleen Lane. “The Ecology of Teachers’ Experiences with Violence and Lack of Administrative Support.” American Journal of Community Psychology 60, no. 3–4 (2017): 502–15.
Mhlongo, Asser Ramogoe, Simeon Maile, and Khashane Stephen Malatji. “Collaboration Among Teacher Unions, Parents and Communities for Quality Education in Public Schools.” Journal of Educational Studies 20, no. 2 (2021): 40–56.
Motshekga, A. “Report of the Ministerial Task Team Appointed by Minister Angie Motshekga to Investigate Allegations into the Selling of Posts of Educators by Members of Teachers Unions and Departmental Officials in Provincial Education Departments. Department of Basic Education. Final Report 18 May 2016,” 2016.
Msila, Vuyisile. “Public Service, Leadership and Innovation in South Africa.” Technium Soc. Sci. J. 33 (2022): 456.
———. “Teacher Unionism and School Management: A Study of (Eastern Cape) Schools in South Africa.” Educational Management Administration & Leadership 42, no. 2 (2014): 259–74.
———. “Teacher Unions, Schools and Success: Opportunities and Contradictions.” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 21, no. 3 (2022): 263–80.
South African Council for Educators. “Handbook for Teachers’ Rights, Responsibilities and Safety.” https://sace.org.za/assets/documents/uploads/sace_90707-2020-01-10, 2020.
Sowetan. “Deputy Principal Shot Dead at School.” Https://Www.Sowetanlive.Co.Za.News., October 12, 2017.
Thwalaa, S’lungile K, Christian Sunday Ugwuanyi, Chinedu I.O Okeke, Nombuso N Gamad, and Abahle Thewala. “Teachers’ Experiences with Dyslexic Learners in Mainstream Classrooms: Implications for Teacher Education.” International Journal of Higher Education 9, no. 6 (August 25, 2020): 34. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n6p34.
Wet, Corene De. “The Prevention of Educator-Targeted Bullying: The Perspectives of School Principals.” Journal for Christian Scholarship= Tydskrif Vir Christelike Wetenskap 47, no. 1 (2011): 1–21.
———. “The Reasons for and the Impact of Principal-on-Teacher Bullying on the Victims’ Private and Professional Lives.” Teaching and Teacher Education 26, no. 7 (2010): 1450–59.
Winchester Massachusetts Education Association. “Teacher Contract.” http://www.winchester.masterteacherorg/local-contracts/teacher-contracts, 2013.
Dr. Mahome is currently a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Technology, in the Department of Primary Education. Dr. Michael Moreti Mahome is a budding researcher, holding a University Diploma in Education, Advanced Certificate in Education, specialising in professional and curriculum development, Honours Degree in Inclusive Education, and Master’s and Doctoral Degrees in Education. Dr Mahome has taught at secondary schools for 18 years, 2 years as a departmental head for African Languages, and 5 years as a deputy principal. This includes a 1-year lecturing experience at Tshwane University of Technology. His research focus is on Teacher-Directed Violence and Education Leadership and Management, with special focus on middle-leadership. He is the author of six articles in accredited journals.
Prof. Mphahlele Lydia Kgomotso is a researcher, with the following qualifications: Secondary Teachers Diploma, Bachelor of Education (BA), Honours, Master, Doctoral, Degree in Education Management with HAAGA-HELIA University of Applied Sciences: Helsinki, in Finland, and then obtained a Master of Business Administration (MBA): degree program in Education Management in 2021. She taught at secondary schools for 23 years and acted as a HOD for commercial subjects for 3 years. She was appointed to a permanent position at Tshwane University of Technology in 2008. Promoted as a Senior lecturer in 2016. In 2019, she was promoted to Associate Professor and as an HOD for GET heading both Foundation Phase and Intermediate Phase. She published 22 articles in accredited journals. She has presented articles locally and internationally.
Prof. Khashane Stephen Malatji holds a PhD in Education: Curriculum and Instructional Studies from the University of Fort Hare. He also holds a Post Graduate Diploma in Higher Education for Academic Developers from Rhodes University. Prof. Malatji is currently an Associate Professor at the University of South Africa, in the College of Graduate Studies. He is the author of 75 articles in accredited journals. Prof Malatji has successfully supervised 26 Masters’ (7 with cum laude) and 20 Doctoral students. In 2018, he was awarded Young Researcher of the Year by Tshwane University of Technology. In the 2020 academic year, he received an award as Emerging Researcher of the Year awarded by EASA. In 2021, he received an award as Senior Researcher of the Year by TUT. Prof. Malatji has delivered papers and chaired sessions at many national and international conferences. His research interest covers teaching and learning; evaluation of teaching, curriculum development; assessment; and teacher development in higher education.
Mahome, Michael Moreti, Mphahlele, Lydia Kgomotso & Malatji, Khashane Stephen. “The Role of Teacher Trade Unions in Preventing Staff Victimisation: Voices from the South African Teachers.” E-Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 5, no.1 (2024): 26 – 37. https://doi.org/10.38159/ehass.2024513
© 2024 The Author(s). Published and Maintained by Noyam Journals. This is an open access article under the CCBY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).