Internet Addiction Among KNUST School of Medical Sciences and Dentistry (KSMD) Students – A Preliminary Study in Ghana.
Christian Amoah, Addo Frimpong – Manso, Emma Sethina Adjaottor, Ebenezer Otu Ayeboafo Ansah & Nceba Z. Somhlaba
Issue: Vol.1 No.2 August 2020 Article 2 pp. 48-60
DOI : https://doi.org/10.38159/jelt.2020062 | Published online 29th June 2020.
© 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CCBY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The rising rate of internet accessibility has brought with it an attendant challenge of Internet Addiction (IA). This study assessed the level of IA and its relationships to loneliness, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life focusing on students of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology School of Medical Sciences (KSMD) Kumasi, Ghana. The cross-sectional survey method was used with 122 students conveniently sampled from KSMD. From the findings, no severe internet addiction was found, however, 9.84 % and 41.80 % scored in the moderate and mild internet addiction ranges respectively. The results also indicated a weak positive correlation between internet addiction and loneliness, self-esteem and a weak negative but highly significant association with satisfaction with life. While severe IA is not yet a serious problem, 9.83 and 41.3% of the study population suffered from moderate and mild IA respectively and stood the risk of progressing to the severe end of the IA continuum. Counseling was therefore recommended for students to master control over their internet usage.
Keywords: Internet addiction, Loneliness, Self-Esteem, Satisfaction with Life.
Association, American Psychological. “American Psychological Association.” Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (5th Edition)., 2013.
Chamika, R., M., A. & Dias, S., R. “Relationship of Internet Addiction with Depression, Loneliness and Health Related Lifestyle among University Students.” Journal of Health Science 6 (2018): 310–15. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-7136/2018.04.010
Demetrovics, Zsolt, Orsolya Király, Beatrix Koronczai, Mark D. Griffiths, Katalin Nagygyörgy, Zsuzsanna Elekes, Domokos Tamás, Bernadette Kun, Gyöngyi Kökönyei, and Róbert Urbán. “Psychometric Properties of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire Short-Form (PIUQ-SF-6) in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents.” PLoS ONE 11, no. 8 (2016): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159409.
Emmons D. E., Larsen R. A., and Griffins, R. J. “The Satisfaction with Life Scale.” Journal of Personality Assessment 49, (n.d.): 71 – 79.
Erdogan, T., Yildirim, O.G., Cigdem, H. C. “‘A Descriptive Study on Vocational College Students ’ Internet Addiction and Meslek Y ÜksekokuluÖğrencilerinin İnternet Bağımlılıkları Ile ÇeşitliIntroduction In the Last Decade , the Internet Has Facilitated Our Lives by Making Information’,, Pp.” 5, no. 2 (n.d.): 46–59.
Ezoe, Satoko, Tadayuki Iida, Ken Inoue, and Masahiro Toda. “Development of Japanese Version of Smartphone Dependence Scale.” Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 06, no. 07 (2016): 179–85. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2016.67017.
Fisher’s, Corcoran and. ““Measures for Clinical Practice – Volumes.” A Sourcebook” New York, the Free Press, 1 & 2. (n.d.): 436.
Gouveia, V. V., Milfont, T. L., da Fonseca, P. N., & Coelho, J. A. P. D. M. “Life Sat- Isfaction in Brazil: Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in Five Brazilian Samples.” Social Indicators Research 90, no. 2 (2009): 267–277. https://doi.org/1010 07/s11205-0 08-9257-0.
Griffiths, Mark D., Daria J. Kuss, Joël Billieux, and Halley M. Pontes. “The Evolution of Internet Addiction: A Global Perspective.” Addictive Behaviors 53 (2016): 193–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.001.
Ha, G. H., Kim, S. Y., Bae, S. C., Bae, S., Kim, H., Sim, M., Lyoo, I. K., and Cho, S. C. “‘Depression and Internet Addiction in Adolescents.’ Psychopathology” 40, no. 60 (2007): 424–30. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107426
Han, D.H.; Kim, Y.S.; Lee, Y.S.; Min, K.J.; Renshaw, P.F. (. “Changes in Cue-Induced, Prefrontal Cortex Activity with Video-Game Play.” Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 13 (2010): 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0327
Haque, Mainul, Nor Azlina A. Rahman, Md Anwarul Azim Majumder, Seraj Zohurul Haque, Zubair M. Kamal, Zakirul Islam, ATM Emdadul Haque, Nor Iza A. Rahman, and Ahmed Ghazi Alattraqchi. “Internet Use and Addiction among Medical Students of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia.” Psychology Research and Behavior Management 9 (2016): 297–307. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S119275.
“Internet Use and Addiction among Medical Students of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia.” Psychology Research and Behavior Management 9 (2016): 297–307. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S119275.
Heinen, Ines, Monika Bullinger, and Rüdaniela Kocalevent. “Perceived Stress in First Year Medical Students – Associations with Personal Resources and Emotional Distress.” BMC Medical Education, 2017, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0841-8.
Hudson, W.W. “The Clinical Measurement Package: A Field Manual:” Chicago: Dorsey Press., 1982.
Kapahi, Ashish, Choo Siow Ling, Sureswaran Ramadass, and Nibras Abdullah. “Internet Addiction in Malaysia Causes and Effects.” IBusiness 05, no. 02 (2013): 72–76. https://doi.org/10.4236/ib.2013.52009.
Kim, K., Ryu, E., Chon, M. Y., Yeun, E. J., Choi, S. Y., Seo, J. S., & Nam, B. W. “Internet Addiction in Korean Adolescents and Its Relation to Depression and Suicidal Ideation: A Questionnaire Survey.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 43, no. 2 (2006): 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. C., Chen, S. H., & Yen, C. F. “Factors Predictive for Incidence and Remission of Internet Addiction in Young Adolescents: A Prospective Study.” Cyberpsychology and Behavior 10, (n.d.): 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9992.
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. “Internet Paradox: A Social Technology That Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well- Being?. American Psychologist,” 53, no. 9 (1998): 1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.53.9.1017
______. “Internet Paradox: A Social Technology That Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well- Being?. American Psychologist” 53, no. 9 (n.d.): 1017.
Kuss, D. J.; Griffiths, M.D. Internet and Gaming. “Addiction: A Systematic Literature Review of Neuroimaging Studies.” Brain Sci. 2, (n.d.): 347–374. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2030347
Lachmann, Bernd, Cornelia Sindermann, Rayna Y. Sariyska, Ruixue Luo, Martin C. Melchers, Benjamin Becker, Andrew J. Cooper, and Christian Montag. “The Role of Empathy and Life Satisfaction in Internet and Smartphone Use Disorder.” Frontiers in Psychology 9, no. MAR (2018): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00398.
López-Ortega, M., Torres-Castro, S., Rosas-Carrasco, O. “. Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): Secondary Analysis of the Mexican Health and Aging Study, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes Volume 14, Issue , Pp Article Number 170.,” no. 1 (n.d.): 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0573-9
Lucas-Carrasco, R., Den Oudsten, B.L., Eser, E., Power, M.J. “Using the Satisfaction with Life Scale in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Validation Study in Different European Countries,.” The Scientific World Journal, n.d., 1 – 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0573-9
Masud, Muhammad Mehedi, Selim Ahmed, Mahfuzur Rahman, and Rulia Akhtar. “Measuring Psychological Effects and Internet Addiction towards Academic Performance of Tertiary Students in Malaysia.” International Journal of Research in Business and Technology 9, no. 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.17722/ijrbt.v9i1.465.
Mei, S., Yau, Y. H. C., Chai, J., Guo, J., & Potenza, M. N. “Problematic Internet Use, Well-Being, Self-Esteem and Self-Control: Data from a High-School Survey in China.” Addictive Behaviors 61 (2016): 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.009
Miniwatts Marketing Group. : “: Internet World Stats – Usage and Population Statistics,” 2019.Morahan-Martin, J., and Schumacher, P. “‘Incidence and Correlates of Pathological Internet Use among College Students.’” Computers in Human Behavior 16, no. (1): (2000): 13-29.
Nduanya, Callista U, Friday E Okwaraji, Godwin C Onyebueke, and Kenechukwu I Obiechina. “A Cross Sectional Study on Internet Addiction, Locus of Control and Psychological Distress in a Sample of Nigerian Undergraduates.” The Journal of Medical Research 4, no. 3 (2018): 146–50. https://doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2018.4308.
Northrup, Jason C., Coady Lapierre, Jeffrey Kirk, and Cosette Rae. “The Internet Process Addiction Test: Screening for Addictions to Processes Facilitated by the Internet.” Behavioral Sciences 5, no. 3 (2015): 341–52. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5030341.
Panicker, J., and Sachdev, R. “‘Relations among Loneliness, Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Problematic Internet Use.’” International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences 2, no. 9 (2014): 1–10.
Park, H.S.; Kim, S.H.; Bang, S.A.; Yoon, E.J.; Cho, S.S.; Kim, S.E. “Altered Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Internet Game Overusers: A 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Study.” CNS Spectr. 15 (n.d.): 159–166.
Pavot, W., Diener, E. F., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (. “Further Validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the Cross-Method Convergence of Well- Being Measures.” Journal of Personality Assessment 57, no. 1 (n.d.): 149–161.
Perrella, R., & Caviglia, G. “Internet Addiction. Adolescent and Adults.” Santarcangelo Di RomagnaMaggioli Editore, 2014.
Pui, Sally, Man Law, and Kit Chang. “Factor Structure for the Internet Addiction Test: A Confirmatory Approach.” International DSI / Asia and Pacific DSI , 2007, 1–12.
R.M. A. Chamika, and Shavindra R. Dias. “Relationship of Internet Addiction with Depression, Loneliness and Health Related Lifestyle among University Students.” J. of Health Science 6, no. 4 (2018): 310–15. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-7136/2018.04.010.
Sachs, J. (. “Validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in a Sample of Hong Kong University Students. PSYCHOLOGIA.” An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient 46, no. 4 (2003): 225–234.
Salarvand, Shahin, Zahra Bagheri, Maryam Keshvari, Payam Dalvand, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, and Mahrokh Keshvari. “Corrigendum to: The Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Its Relations to the Self Esteem and Life Satisfaction in Students of a Medical University (Acta Med Iran 2016, 56 (6), (392-397)).” Acta Medica Iranica 56, no. 8 (2018): 556
______. “Corrigendum to: The Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Its Relations to the Self Esteem and Life Satisfaction in Students of a Medical University (Acta Med Iran 2016, 56 (6), (392-397)).” Acta Medica Iranica 56, no. 8 (2018): 556.
S.A. Bahrainian, , K. Haji Alizadeh, M. R. Raeisoon, O. Hashemi Gorji, and A. Khazaee. “Relationship of Internet Addiction with Self-Esteem and Depression in University Students.” Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 55, no. 3 (2014): 86–89.
Scalise JJ, Ginter EJ, Gerstein LH. A. “Multidimensional Loneliness Measure: The Loneliness Rating Scale (LRS).” J Pers Assess 48, no. 5 (n.d.): 525‐530.
Seabra, Liliana, Manuel Loureiro, Henrique Pereira, Samuel Monteiro, Rosa Marina Afonso, and Graça Esgalhado. “Relationship between Internet Addiction and Self-Esteem: Cross-Cultural Study in Portugal and Brazil.” Interacting with Computers 29, no. 5 (2017): 767–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwx011.
Servidio, R. “Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test: A Study on a Sample of Italian University Students’, Elsevier Ltd.” Computers in Human Behavior. 68 (n.d.): 17–29. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.019.
Servidio, Rocco. “Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test: A Study on a Sample of Italian University Students.” Computers in Human Behavior 68 (2017): 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.019.
Shek, Daniel T.L., and Lu Yu. “Adolescent Internet Addiction in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Change, and Correlates.” Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 29, no. 1 (2016): S22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.005.
Siebert, Johannes Ulrich, Reinhard E. Kunz, and Philipp Rolf. “Effects of Proactive Decision Making on Life Satisfaction.” European Journal of Operational Research 280, no. 3 (2020): 1171–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.08.011.
Su, W., Hana, Z., Jina, C., Yana, Y., Potenza, M. N. “Computers in Human Behavior Are Males More Likely to Be Addicted to the Internet than Females ? A Meta- Analysis Involving 34 Global Jurisdictions.” Computers in Human Behavior. Elsevier, 99 (2019): 86–100. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.021.
Thatcher A, Goolman S. (2005): “Defining the South African Internet Addict: Prevalence and Biographical Profiling of Problematic Internet Users in South Africa.” African Journal of Psychology 35, no. 4 (2005): 766-792.
Tolga ERDOGAN2 , Osman Gazi YILDIRIM3, Harun CIGDEM4. “A Descriptive Study on Vocational College Students ’ Internet Addiction and Meslek Y ÜksekokuluÖğrencilerinin İnternet Bağımlılıkları Ile Çeşitli Introduction In the Last Decade , the Internet Has Facilitated Our Lives by Making Information” 5, no. 2 (2018): 46–59.
Treglia, Eugenia, and Rosella Tomassoni. “Technological Use Behaviors, Internet Addiction and Personality among Italian University Students.” Psychology 09, no. 03 (2018): 472–84. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.93029.
_____. “Technological Use Behaviors , Internet Addiction and Personality among Italian University Students,” 2018, 472–84. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.93029.
Tsitsika, A., Janikian, M., Schoenmakers, T. M., Tzavela, E. C., Ólafsson, K., Wójcik, S., … Richardson, C. “Internet Addictive Behavior in Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study in Seven European Countries. and Social Networking.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior 17, no. 8 (2014): 528–535.
Uddin, Md. Sahab, Abdullah Al Mamun, Mohammed Ashraful Iqbal, Md. Nasrullah, Md. Asaduzzaman, Md. Shahid Sarwar, and Md. Shah Amran. “Internet Addiction Disorder and Its Pathogenicity to Psychological Distress and Depression among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study in Bangladesh.” Psychology 07, no. 08 (2016): 1126–37. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.78113.
Wallace, P. “Internet Addiction Disorder and Youth: There Are Growing Concerns about Compulsive Online Activity and That This Could Impede Students’.” Performance and Social Lives. EMBO Reports. 15, (n.d.): 12–16.
Yang, S. C., & Tung, C. J. (20. “Comparison of Internet Addicts and Non-Addicts in Taiwanese High School.” Computers in Human Behavior 23, no. 1 (2007): 79-96.
Young, K. S. “Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder.” Cyber Psychology & Behaviour 1, no. 3 (1998): 237-244.
Zurek, Kweku. “An Annual Report Released by Global Digital Agencies.” GRAPHIC ONLINE: https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/over-10-million-ghanaians-using-the-internet-report.html
Christian Amoah is a Lecturer, Behavioural Sciences Department, School of Medical Sciences and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, Email: camoah5@gmail.com
Addo Frimpong – Manso is a Lecturer with Behavioural Sciences Department, School of Medical Sciences and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, Email: addofm96.9@yahoo.com
Emma Sethina Adjaottor is a Senior Lecturer with Behavioural Sciences Department, School of Medical Sciences and Dentistry, College Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, Email: emmaabenaadjaottor@gmail.com
Ebenezer Otu Ayeboafo Ansah is a Biostatistician with University Hospital, KNUST Kumasi; Email:ansahebenezer3@gmail.com
Nceba. Z. Somhlaba is an Associate Professor with Department of Psychology, Faculty of Community and Health, University of Western Cape (UWC), Cape Town, South Africa; Email: nsomhlaba@uwc.ac.za
Amoah, Christian, Frimpong-Manso, Addo, Adjaottor, Emma S., Ayeboafo, Ebenezer O., and Somhlaba, Nceba Z. “Internet Addiction Among KNUST School of Medical Sciences and Dentistry (KSMD) Students – A Preliminary Study in Ghana.” Journal of Education and Learning Technology 1, no.2 (2020): 48-60. https://doi.org/10.38159/jelt.2020062
© 2020 The Author(s). Published and Maintained by Noyam Publishers. This is an open access article under the CCBY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).