
The role of technology in bridging the educational gap in rural South African high schools: The case of Lebopo Circuit, Capricorn District, Limpopo Province
Issue: Vol. 7 No. 1 2026 Article 4 pp.45 -58
DOI : https://doi.org/10.38159/jelt.2026714 Published online 18th February 2026.
© 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CCBY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Keywords: Technology, Rural Schools, Digital Divide, Bridging Gap
Adu, Kemi O., and N. Mtsi. “The Role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTS) In Promoting STEM Education in South Africa: Implications for Teacher Education and Development.” Journal of Ecohumanism 4, no. 4 (June 26, 2025). https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v4i4.6830.
Ahmad, Wasim, Rishu Raj, Ruchika Shokeen, Nazli, and Raj Kumari Gupta. “Digital Literacy Policies.” In Literacy Policies for Equity and Inclusion, 79–112. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8427-5.ch004.
Ajani, Oluwatoyin Ayodele, and Cebokazi Luthuli. “Factors Promoting Digital Exclusion of Some Students in Higher Education: A Systematic Review of Digital Divide in Learning Experiences.” Social Sciences and Education Research Review 12, no. 1 (2025): 200–212.
Buthelezi, Mbalenhe, Tatenda Chatikobo, and Lorenzo Dalvit. “United in Diversity? Digital Differences and Inequalities within a South African Rural Community.” Information, Communication & Society 24, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 455–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1864000.
Buthelezi, Michael Mbongiseni, Lusanda Ncisana, and Mohammed Xolile Ntshangase. “Food Insecurity Versus Learners’ Performance in the Classroom: A Case of South African Rural School.” Research in Social Sciences and Technology 10, no. 2 (May 12, 2025): 130–51. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2025.30.
Chisango, Grasia, and Newlin Marongwe. “The Digital Divide at Three Disadvantaged Secondary Schools in Gauteng, South Africa.” Journal of Education, no. 82 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17159/2520-9868/i82a09.
Combrink, HMVE, K de Wet, F de Villiers, S Brokensha, and E Kotzé. “Basic Digital Education and the Digital Divide in South Africa: A Free State Perspective1.” Business Opportunities, Start-Ups, and Digital Transformation in Africa, 2023, 391.
Das, Mrigakshi. “Qualitative Methodology Techniques and Approaches of Business Research in the Digital Era.” In Evolving Designs, Applications, Technological Advances, and the Future of Qualitative Research, 261–92. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-4432-4.ch011.
Dlamini, Reuben. “Implementation of South Africa’s Education Policy in ICT: Through an Access and Equity-Oriented Lens.” In Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, 1598–1606. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 2025.
Faloye, Samuel T, and Nurudeen Ajayi. “Understanding the Impact of the Digital Divide on South African Students in Higher Educational Institutions.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 14, no. 7 (2022): 1734–44.
Lembani, Reuben, Ashley Gunter, Markus Breines, and Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice Dalu. “The Same Course, Different Access: The Digital Divide between Urban and Rural Distance Education Students in South Africa.” Journal of Geography in Higher Education 44, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2019.1694876.
Lesame, Ntombizandile Carol. “The Digital Divide: Digital Transformation, Employment and Inclusive Growth in South Africa.” In INTED 2024, 7954–62, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2024.1778.
Lombo, N, and M Subban. “Physical Infrastructure Challenges in Rural Schools: Reflections to Promote Quality Education.” Administratio Publica 32, no. 1 (2024): 69–101.
Lythreatis, Sophie, Sanjay Kumar Singh, and Abdul-Nasser El-Kassar. “The Digital Divide: A Review and Future Research Agenda.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175 (February 2022): 121359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121359.
Makda, Fatima. “Digital Education: Mapping the Landscape of Virtual Teaching in Higher Education – a Bibliometric Review.” Education and Information Technologies 30, no. 2 (February 27, 2025): 2547–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12899-2.
Mangundu, John, Cephas Makwara, and Kgomotlokoa Linda Thaba-Nkadimene. “Barriers to Sustainable Integration of ICT in Pietermaritzburg Public Secondary Schools.” International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 14,no.2(2025):342–51.
Masango, Michack Mandla, Linda Van Ryneveld, and Marien Alet Graham. “Barriers to the Implementation of Electronic Textbooks in Rural and Township Schools in South Africa.” Africa Education Review 17, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 86–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2022.2064310.
Memon, Farhat Naureen, and Sarwat Naureen Memon. “Digital Divide and Equity in Education: Bridging Gaps to Ensure Inclusive Learning.” In Impact of Digitalization on Education and Social Sustainability, 107–30. IGI Global, 2025.
Mhlanga, David. “Industry 4.0: The Challenges Associated with the Digital Transformation of Education in South Africa.” The Impacts of Digital Transformation 13, no. 51 (2020): 13–26.
Mncube, Dumisani Wilfred, Oluwatoyin Ayodele Ajani, Thandi Ngema, and Rachel Gugu Mkhasibe. “Exploring the Problems of Limited School Resources in Rural Schools and Curriculum Management.” UMT Education Review 6, no. 2 (October 24, 2023): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.32350/UER.62.01.
Modjadji, Mathukhwana Masutane. Bridging Divides: Tackling Technological Change, Inequality, and Digital Illiteracy in a Fragmented South Africa. European University Institute, 2025. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2870/6085226.
Msimango, Welile Ntombifuthi. “Empowering Pre-Service Teachers to Enhance Inclusive Education Through Technology.” In Empowering Pre-Service Teachers to Enhance Inclusive Education Through Technology, 59–86. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8759-7.ch003.
Mugabekazi, Joie Claire, Jacqueline Mukanziza, Prudence Nizeyimana, and Philogene Manirahari. “Integrating Collaborative Learning Strategies In The Curriculum: Enhancing Critical Thinking And Communication Skills In Primary Education.” European Journal of Education Studies 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2025). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v12i3.5848.
Mulaudzi, Rofhiwa. “Investigation of the Adoption and Implementation of the E-Education Policy in the Gauteng Provincial Government.” University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa), 2023.
Mwansa, Gardner, Matipa Ricky Ngandu, and Zolisa Mkwambi. “Bridging the Digital Divide: Exploring the Challenges and Solutions for Digital Exclusion in Rural South Africa.” Discover Global Society 3, no. 1 (June 9, 2025): 54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00189-2.
Mwapwele, Samwel Dick, Mario Marais, Sifiso Dlamini, and Judy Van Biljon. “Teachers’ ICT Adoption in South African Rural Schools: A Study of Technology Readiness and Implications for the South Africa Connect Broadband Policy.” The African Journal of Information and Communication 24 (2019): 1–21.
Newman, Peter A, Adrian Guta, and Tara Black. “Ethical Considerations for Qualitative Research Methods during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Emergency Situations: Navigating the Virtual Field.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 20 (2021): 16094069211047824.
Nhleko, Nhlanhla Mzameleni, Oluwasegun Julius Aroba, and Collence Takaingenhamo Chisita. “A Systematic Review of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) on Student Motivation: Researchers’ Reflections on a Selected Higher Education Institution (HEIs).” Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication 74, no. 11 (2025): 77–100.
Odularu, Ayodele Temidayo, Xolani Khalo, Nomakhaya F Mashiyi, and Msimelelo B Nkohla. “Exploring COVID-19 Pandemic Impact, Online Engagement, and Digital Divide on Disadvantaged Undergraduate Students in South African Universities,” 2023.
Omari, Laila. “Teachers’ Pedagogical Competencies on the Use of ICT for Enhancing Learner-Centred Learning in Secondary Schools in Tanzania: The Case of Bagamoyo District.” University of Dodoma (Tanzania), 2021.
Omojemite, Matthew Damilola. “Teacher Preparedness for Transformative Education in the Intermediate Phase: Insights from Eastern Cape, South Africa.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Education Research 7, no. 1 (2025): a22–a22.
Omweri, F S. “A Systematic Literature Review of E-Government Implementation in Developing Countries: Examining Urban-Rural Disparities, Institutional Capacity, and Socio-Cultural Factors in the Context of Local Governance and Progress towards SDG 16.6.” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 8, no. 8 (2024): 1173–99.
Oranga, Josephine, and Audrey Matere. “Qualitative Research: Essence, Types and Advantages.” OALib 10, no. 12 (2023): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1111001.
Osman, Zahir, Tuan Fatma Tuan Sulaiman, and Liana Mohamad. “Shaping the Future: Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Transformation Acceptance in Higher Education Institutions.” International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 14, no. 2 (2025).
Pillay, Sareesha. “Implications of Socio-Economic Issues on the Practice of Co-Creation and Governance in South Africa.” Administratio Publica 27, no. 4 (2019): 88–109.
Ramaila, Sam, Syamthanda Mpilwenhle Zondi, and Lydia Mavuru. “Pedagogical Strategies Employed by Teachers in Township Schools for Teaching Meiosis and Genetics with Improvised Resources.” Journal of Teaching and Learning 19, no. 1 (2025): 236–60.
Sithole, Nosihle Veronica. “Social Issues That Negatively Impact Information and Communication Technology Integration in South African Township Schools.” Artha Journal of Social Sciences 24, no. 2 (2025): 37.
Wang, Yuzhen, and Ruifeng Yu. “Exploring the Factors on the Acceptance of Generative Artificial Intelligence Teaching Assistants: The Perspective of Technology Acceptance Model.” International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 42, no. 2 (January 17, 2026): 794–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2513581.
Yadav, Seema. “Digital Pathways to Excellence for Bridging Gaps and Building Competencies.” Holistic Approaches to Teacher Development: Leadership, Pedagogical Practices, and Cognitive Insights: Leadership, Pedagogical Practices, and Cognitive Insights 287 (2025).
Zhang, Kai. “Teacher Adoption of Digital Education Management Systems through Combined Information Systems and Social Cognitive Frameworks during Post-COVID Era.” Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (May 14, 2025): 16810. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01552-8.
Adu, Kemi O., and N. Mtsi. “The Role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTS) In Promoting STEM Education in South Africa: Implications for Teacher Education and Development.” Journal of Ecohumanism 4, no. 4 (June 26, 2025). https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v4i4.6830.
Ahmad, Wasim, Rishu Raj, Ruchika Shokeen, Nazli, and Raj Kumari Gupta. “Digital Literacy Policies.” In Literacy Policies for Equity and Inclusion, 79–112. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8427-5.ch004.
Ajani, Oluwatoyin Ayodele, and Cebokazi Luthuli. “Factors Promoting Digital Exclusion of Some Students in Higher Education: A Systematic Review of Digital Divide in Learning Experiences.” Social Sciences and Education Research Review 12, no. 1 (2025): 200–212.
Buthelezi, Mbalenhe, Tatenda Chatikobo, and Lorenzo Dalvit. “United in Diversity? Digital Differences and Inequalities within a South African Rural Community.” Information, Communication & Society 24, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 455–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1864000.
Buthelezi, Michael Mbongiseni, Lusanda Ncisana, and Mohammed Xolile Ntshangase. “Food Insecurity Versus Learners’ Performance in the Classroom: A Case of South African Rural School.” Research in Social Sciences and Technology 10, no. 2 (May 12, 2025): 130–51. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2025.30.
Chisango, Grasia, and Newlin Marongwe. “The Digital Divide at Three Disadvantaged Secondary Schools in Gauteng, South Africa.” Journal of Education, no. 82 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17159/2520-9868/i82a09.
Combrink, HMVE, K de Wet, F de Villiers, S Brokensha, and E Kotzé. “Basic Digital Education and the Digital Divide in South Africa: A Free State Perspective1.” Business Opportunities, Start-Ups, and Digital Transformation in Africa, 2023, 391.
Das, Mrigakshi. “Qualitative Methodology Techniques and Approaches of Business Research in the Digital Era.” In Evolving Designs, Applications, Technological Advances, and the Future of Qualitative Research, 261–92. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-4432-4.ch011.
Dlamini, Reuben. “Implementation of South Africa’s Education Policy in ICT: Through an Access and Equity-Oriented Lens.” In Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, 1598–1606. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 2025.
Faloye, Samuel T, and Nurudeen Ajayi. “Understanding the Impact of the Digital Divide on South African Students in Higher Educational Institutions.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 14, no. 7 (2022): 1734–44.
Lembani, Reuben, Ashley Gunter, Markus Breines, and Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice Dalu. “The Same Course, Different Access: The Digital Divide between Urban and Rural Distance Education Students in South Africa.” Journal of Geography in Higher Education 44, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2019.1694876.
Lesame, Ntombizandile Carol. “The Digital Divide: Digital Transformation, Employment and Inclusive Growth in South Africa.” In INTED 2024, 7954–62, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2024.1778.
Lombo, N, and M Subban. “Physical Infrastructure Challenges in Rural Schools: Reflections to Promote Quality Education.” Administratio Publica 32, no. 1 (2024): 69–101.
Lythreatis, Sophie, Sanjay Kumar Singh, and Abdul-Nasser El-Kassar. “The Digital Divide: A Review and Future Research Agenda.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175 (February 2022): 121359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121359.
Makda, Fatima. “Digital Education: Mapping the Landscape of Virtual Teaching in Higher Education – a Bibliometric Review.” Education and Information Technologies 30, no. 2 (February 27, 2025): 2547–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12899-2.
Mangundu, John, Cephas Makwara, and Kgomotlokoa Linda Thaba-Nkadimene. “Barriers to Sustainable Integration of ICT in Pietermaritzburg Public Secondary Schools.” International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 14,no.2(2025):342–51.
Masango, Michack Mandla, Linda Van Ryneveld, and Marien Alet Graham. “Barriers to the Implementation of Electronic Textbooks in Rural and Township Schools in South Africa.” Africa Education Review 17, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 86–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2022.2064310.
Memon, Farhat Naureen, and Sarwat Naureen Memon. “Digital Divide and Equity in Education: Bridging Gaps to Ensure Inclusive Learning.” In Impact of Digitalization on Education and Social Sustainability, 107–30. IGI Global, 2025.
Mhlanga, David. “Industry 4.0: The Challenges Associated with the Digital Transformation of Education in South Africa.” The Impacts of Digital Transformation 13, no. 51 (2020): 13–26.
Mncube, Dumisani Wilfred, Oluwatoyin Ayodele Ajani, Thandi Ngema, and Rachel Gugu Mkhasibe. “Exploring the Problems of Limited School Resources in Rural Schools and Curriculum Management.” UMT Education Review 6, no. 2 (October 24, 2023): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.32350/UER.62.01.
Modjadji, Mathukhwana Masutane. Bridging Divides: Tackling Technological Change, Inequality, and Digital Illiteracy in a Fragmented South Africa. European University Institute, 2025. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2870/6085226.
Msimango, Welile Ntombifuthi. “Empowering Pre-Service Teachers to Enhance Inclusive Education Through Technology.” In Empowering Pre-Service Teachers to Enhance Inclusive Education Through Technology, 59–86. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8759-7.ch003.
Mugabekazi, Joie Claire, Jacqueline Mukanziza, Prudence Nizeyimana, and Philogene Manirahari. “Integrating Collaborative Learning Strategies In The Curriculum: Enhancing Critical Thinking And Communication Skills In Primary Education.” European Journal of Education Studies 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2025). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v12i3.5848.
Mulaudzi, Rofhiwa. “Investigation of the Adoption and Implementation of the E-Education Policy in the Gauteng Provincial Government.” University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa), 2023.
Mwansa, Gardner, Matipa Ricky Ngandu, and Zolisa Mkwambi. “Bridging the Digital Divide: Exploring the Challenges and Solutions for Digital Exclusion in Rural South Africa.” Discover Global Society 3, no. 1 (June 9, 2025): 54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-025-00189-2.
Mwapwele, Samwel Dick, Mario Marais, Sifiso Dlamini, and Judy Van Biljon. “Teachers’ ICT Adoption in South African Rural Schools: A Study of Technology Readiness and Implications for the South Africa Connect Broadband Policy.” The African Journal of Information and Communication 24 (2019): 1–21.
Newman, Peter A, Adrian Guta, and Tara Black. “Ethical Considerations for Qualitative Research Methods during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Emergency Situations: Navigating the Virtual Field.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 20 (2021): 16094069211047824.
Nhleko, Nhlanhla Mzameleni, Oluwasegun Julius Aroba, and Collence Takaingenhamo Chisita. “A Systematic Review of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) on Student Motivation: Researchers’ Reflections on a Selected Higher Education Institution (HEIs).” Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication 74, no. 11 (2025): 77–100.
Odularu, Ayodele Temidayo, Xolani Khalo, Nomakhaya F Mashiyi, and Msimelelo B Nkohla. “Exploring COVID-19 Pandemic Impact, Online Engagement, and Digital Divide on Disadvantaged Undergraduate Students in South African Universities,” 2023.
Omari, Laila. “Teachers’ Pedagogical Competencies on the Use of ICT for Enhancing Learner-Centred Learning in Secondary Schools in Tanzania: The Case of Bagamoyo District.” University of Dodoma (Tanzania), 2021.
Omojemite, Matthew Damilola. “Teacher Preparedness for Transformative Education in the Intermediate Phase: Insights from Eastern Cape, South Africa.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Education Research 7, no. 1 (2025): a22–a22.
Omweri, F S. “A Systematic Literature Review of E-Government Implementation in Developing Countries: Examining Urban-Rural Disparities, Institutional Capacity, and Socio-Cultural Factors in the Context of Local Governance and Progress towards SDG 16.6.” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 8, no. 8 (2024): 1173–99.
Oranga, Josephine, and Audrey Matere. “Qualitative Research: Essence, Types and Advantages.” OALib 10, no. 12 (2023): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1111001.
Osman, Zahir, Tuan Fatma Tuan Sulaiman, and Liana Mohamad. “Shaping the Future: Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Transformation Acceptance in Higher Education Institutions.” International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 14, no. 2 (2025).
Pillay, Sareesha. “Implications of Socio-Economic Issues on the Practice of Co-Creation and Governance in South Africa.” Administratio Publica 27, no. 4 (2019): 88–109.
Ramaila, Sam, Syamthanda Mpilwenhle Zondi, and Lydia Mavuru. “Pedagogical Strategies Employed by Teachers in Township Schools for Teaching Meiosis and Genetics with Improvised Resources.” Journal of Teaching and Learning 19, no. 1 (2025): 236–60.
Sithole, Nosihle Veronica. “Social Issues That Negatively Impact Information and Communication Technology Integration in South African Township Schools.” Artha Journal of Social Sciences 24, no. 2 (2025): 37.
Wang, Yuzhen, and Ruifeng Yu. “Exploring the Factors on the Acceptance of Generative Artificial Intelligence Teaching Assistants: The Perspective of Technology Acceptance Model.” International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 42, no. 2 (January 17, 2026): 794–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2513581.
Yadav, Seema. “Digital Pathways to Excellence for Bridging Gaps and Building Competencies.” Holistic Approaches to Teacher Development: Leadership, Pedagogical Practices, and Cognitive Insights: Leadership, Pedagogical Practices, and Cognitive Insights 287 (2025).
Zhang, Kai. “Teacher Adoption of Digital Education Management Systems through Combined Information Systems and Social Cognitive Frameworks during Post-COVID Era.” Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (May 14, 2025): 16810. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01552-8.
Raesetja Letjobana Cathrine Lekgothoane holds a master’s degree in Curriculum Studies and has submitted her PhD thesis; currently awaiting feedback from the university. Her areas of research interest include technology in education, educational management, and cyberbullying. She attended 5 academic conferences and delivered 4 presentations at national academic conferences. She has published four articles in DHET-accredited journals.
Mohammed Xolile Ntshangase holds a PhD in philosophy, and he is currently affiliated with the University of Limpopo, where he serves as a senior lecturer within the Education Studies department. Within the Department of Education Studies, Dr Mohammed serves as a lecturer of Philosophy & Psychology of Education. His areas of research interest are African philosophy, philosophy of education, psychology of education, and gender studies. He has attended and presented papers at 15 academic conferences, including national and international ones, and he has more than 60 publications in DHET-accredited journals.
Nkateko Success Makhobela is a PhD candidate in Educational Administration and has received ethical clearance to collect data from schools this year. Her research interests include rural school leadership, equity and social justice in education, teacher agency, educational policy, and culturally responsive leadership practices.
Lekgothoane, Cathrine, Mohammed Ntshangase & Nkateko Success Makhobela. “The Role of Technology in Bridging the Educational Gap in Rural South African High Schools: The Case of Lebopo Circuit, Capricorn District, Limpopo Province,” Journal of Education and Learning Technology 7, no. 1 (2025): 45 – 58. https://doi.org/10.38159/jelt.2026714
© 2026 The Author(s). Published and Maintained by Noyam Journals. This is an open access article under the CCBY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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